Calcio Storico Fiorentino in Florence
Calcio Storico Fiorentino is Florence's historic full-contact ball game, played by teams from the city's four quarters in Renaissance costume on a sand-covered pitch, combining soccer, rugby, and wrestling under rules first codified by Giovanni de' Bardi in 1580. Matches culminate around the feast of Florence's patron saint, John the Baptist, in late June.
Giovanni de' Bardi, a Florentine nobleman, published the first formal rules for calcio in livrea in 1580, codifying a game that Florence's elite had already been playing for generations and that historians trace back further still to the Roman ball game harpastum.